Modern ink-wash industrial corridor evolving from conventional manufacturing through industrial internet and testing to AI factories, semiconductors and clean energy

INFORMATION ASYMMETRY 09 · INDUSTRIAL POLICY LINEAGE

Beyond the 2025 target horizon, the architecture continues: from Made in China 2025 to the 15th Five-Year Plan

China’s industrial policy does not simply replace one slogan with another. Manufacturing-power functions branched into technology, market, data, green, supply-chain and AI tracks, then reconverged in the 2026 planning system.

Cross-checked against central and ministry primary texts, policy assessments and supplied lecture material · August 2, 2026

Topic typePolicy-led × supply-chain and industrial-system

EDITORIAL THESIS

Core propositions

01
The Made in China 2025 label receded, but its manufacturing-power, industrial-base, smart and green functions were redistributed rather than dismantled.
02
Continuity is not a straight succession of documents; technology, infrastructure, market, carbon, data and AI branches recombine in five-year plans.
03
The strength is a national-to-ministry-to-local-to-company policy stack; constraints include overcapacity, demand, core technology, local duplication, data and external restrictions.

POLICY LINEAGE · 2015—2035

2015–2035 policy connection map

Names changed, while goals, execution functions and bottlenecks accumulated.

012015

Starting point

Made in China 2025

Three-stage manufacturing-power roadmap, ten sectors and five major projects

022016–2017

Technology and digital branches

Innovation, AI and industrial internet

Expansion into basic research, AI 2030, networks, platforms and security

032020

Macro and infrastructure frame

Dual circulation and new infrastructure

Linking supply and markets through domestic demand, resilience, 5G, data centers and industrial internet

042021–2022

Technology, green and market tracks

14th Plan, dual carbon and unified market

Industrial-base and chain modernization, carbon constraints and a more unified market

052023–2024

Data, productivity and future options

Digital China, new quality productive forces and future industries

Data and compute systems, productivity, quantum, biomanufacturing, embodied AI, 6G and equipment renewal

062025–2026

Economy-wide application and reconvergence

AI+ and the 15th Five-Year Plan

Industrial agents, datasets and scenarios combined with upgrading, future sectors, procurement, pilot testing and long-term capital

072030–2035

Outcome-testing horizon

Intelligent economy and the 2035 goal set in 2015

Testing AI diffusion and the 2035 manufacturing goal set in 2015 against productivity, profitability, effective demand and resilience

Korean-language map of China’s 2015–2035 industrial-policy lineage — **Korean-language graphic · Policy continuity at a glance**Labels in the graphic are Korean; the map follows policy functions rather than slogans from 2015 to 2035.Download Korean-language SVG

2015 put manufacturing at the center of state strategy

Made in China 2025 set a three-stage manufacturing-power roadmap, ten sectors and five projects. Its deeper legacy is an execution system: central direction, ministry instruments, local parks and scenarios, and company markets.

The scope widened from factories to the innovation system

Innovation-driven development, AI and industrial internet expanded the task into basic research, networks, platforms, data and security. Documents multiplied, while digitalization, core technology and industrial-base tasks persisted.

Dual circulation is an upper-level operating frame

Dual circulation combines domestic demand, international links, technology, supply chains and markets. New infrastructure supplied 5G, industrial internet, data centers and compute for smart manufacturing.

Green, market, data and AI tracks reconverged

Dual carbon, the unified market, Digital China, new quality productive forces, future industries and AI+ added distinct green, market, data, productivity and application functions that combine with manufacturing strategy in the 15th Plan.

Strong execution is not the same as efficiency

Core-technology gaps, weak effective demand, overcapacity and price competition, local duplication, data standards and external constraints remain. Korea should read the national–ministry–local–company policy stack to separate competition, cooperation and protection.

CHINA SYSTEM · EXECUTION STACK

Policy operates as a stack, not a single document

The execution chain runs from national planning and ministry actions through local scenarios and finance to company orders.

National direction

Central authorities define long-term goals, five-year plans, macro frameworks and strategic boundaries.

Ministry action

NDRC, MIIT, science and data bodies translate direction into infrastructure, manufacturing, R&D, data and market instruments.

Local execution

Provinces and cities combine parks, funds, talent, scenarios, procurement and anchor firms.

Companies and markets

State and private firms, specialized SMEs, universities, finance and customers must close the loop from R&D to repeat purchasing.

BOTTLENECKS · RISK

Constraints behind a powerful system

Core technology · gaps in semiconductors, industrial machine tools, foundational software, metrology and some materials

Market · weak effective demand, overcapacity, price competition and receivables constrain monetization

Local execution · duplicated bets, subsidy dependence, fund efficiency and local protection

Data and external environment · data flows, standards, AI accountability, export controls and market access

KOREA RESPONSE

How Korea should respond

Translate verified facts into actions across place and government, industry, universities, research, finance, users and professional intermediaries.

地

Korean government · local government · public bodiesIndustrial-policy portfolio